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Designing real parts07 / 31

Functional features

Named shapes you add to a part to make it work: mounting, stiffness, sealing, or grip. Reach for them by name and the geometry follows.

Boss

Boss

Cylindrical protrusion with a hole, usually for a screw or heat-set insert. The "where parts bolt together" feature.

Rib

Rib

A thin reinforcing fin running along a surface. Stops a flat plate from flexing without doubling the wall thickness.

Pocket

Pocket

Rectangular cavity in a solid. Cable channels, captive nuts, lightening holes.

Lip / Flange

Lip / Flange

An edge that overhangs the wall below. The rim on a container, the mounting plate on a motor.

Gusset

Gusset

Triangular brace between two perpendicular surfaces. Stiffens a wall without much material.

Standoff

Standoff

Threaded pillar that holds something at a distance. Hex outside, M3 inside is most common.

Spacer

Unthreaded sleeve that sets distance between two parts. The screw passes straight through.

Knurl

Knurl

Textured grip pattern on a cylindrical surface. Thumb screws and adjustment knobs use it so fingers don't slip.

Designing real parts08 / 31

Text and labels on parts

Five ways to put a name, number, or icon on a printed part. Pick by depth and whether you need a second colour.

Raised text (embossed)

Raised text (embossed)

Letters rise ~1mm above the surface. Cleanest to print and easiest to read. The default when one colour is fine.

Sunken text (engraved / debossed)

Sunken text (engraved / debossed)

Letters cut ~1mm into the surface. Robust against wear and scuffing, the go-to for serial numbers and stamped marks.

Flush text (multi-material inlay)

Flush text (multi-material inlay)

Pocket refilled with a second filament at the exact same height. Needs an MMU or a manual colour swap. Reads like a printed sticker.

Through-text (stencil / cutout)

Through-text (stencil / cutout)

Letters cut all the way through the plate. Perfect for signage that lets light through. Closed loops like "O" or "A" need a bridge or they fall out.

Segmented inlay (two-part assembly)

Segmented inlay (two-part assembly)

Print a plate with a text-shaped pocket and the letters as a separate piece. Glue them in a contrasting colour. Single-extruder friendly.

Designing real parts07 / 31

Functional features

Named shapes you add to a part to make it work: mounting, stiffness, sealing, or grip. Reach for them by name and the geometry follows.

Boss

Boss

Cylindrical protrusion with a hole, usually for a screw or heat-set insert. The "where parts bolt together" feature.

Rib

Rib

A thin reinforcing fin running along a surface. Stops a flat plate from flexing without doubling the wall thickness.

Pocket

Pocket

Rectangular cavity in a solid. Cable channels, captive nuts, lightening holes.

Lip / Flange

Lip / Flange

An edge that overhangs the wall below. The rim on a container, the mounting plate on a motor.

Gusset

Gusset

Triangular brace between two perpendicular surfaces. Stiffens a wall without much material.

Standoff

Standoff

Threaded pillar that holds something at a distance. Hex outside, M3 inside is most common.

Spacer

Unthreaded sleeve that sets distance between two parts. The screw passes straight through.

Knurl

Knurl

Textured grip pattern on a cylindrical surface. Thumb screws and adjustment knobs use it so fingers don't slip.

PrevSpread 6 of 19Next

A printed copy of the GrandpaCAD cheatsheet booklet on a desk.

Symbolic image

First print run

Get the booklet on your desk.

29 printed pages of the AI CAD vocabulary you actually need. Bound, ready to flip through next to your keyboard.

One email when it ships. No spam, ever.

GrandpaCADEnglish

A pocket reference

The 3D‑Print
Phrasebook

Plain words for asking AI to build the parts you want, the right way on the first try.

Preface

Why a phrasebook?

Every craft has its words. Carpenters say rabbet; knitters say purl; mechanics say chamfer. When you use the right word, the listener stops guessing and starts building.

AI is the same. Ask for "a thingy with a hole" and you get a shrug in 3D. Ask for "an M3 counterbore on a 5 mm wall" and you get a part. This little book is the words.

It works for GrandpaCAD. It also works for any other AI tool that generates 3D models or CAD code, because the vocabulary is the same: a fillet is a fillet whether the underlying engine is JSCAD, OpenSCAD, Fusion, or a sculpting model.

Shapes & operations (pages 1–5)

The pure CAD building blocks. Primitives, transformations, booleans, and edge or face features: the moves every modeller strings together.

Designing real parts (pages 6–21)

Functional features, holes, fits, fasteners, joints, motion hardware, hot ends, electronics, gridfinity, and the filaments they print in. Hardware your design has to fit around.

Prompting & printing (pages 22–29)

How to describe a part so the model builds it: dimensions, references, multi-step builds, iteration. Then export and slicer vocabulary for getting it onto a bed.

Read it cover-to-cover or jump to the page you need. Either way, keep it within arm's reach.

For Grandpa Franc, who built me things.

Contents

What's inside

Chapter01 / 31

Chapter 1

Shapes & operations

The pure CAD primitives and operations. Stack them, combine them, and the rest of the design follows.

Shapes & operations02 / 31

Primitives

The starting shapes for almost any design. Name them and you skip a lot of guessing.

Cube / Box

Cube / Box

A six-sided block. Width, depth, height in millimetres.

Sphere

Sphere

A ball. Specify radius or diameter, not both.

Cylinder

Cylinder

A tube or rod. Say hollow if you mean a pipe.

Cone

Cone

Tapers from a circle to a point. Truncated if it ends in a smaller circle.

Torus

Torus

A donut. Give the ring radius and the tube radius.

Wedge

Wedge

A triangular prism. Ramps, brackets, and gussets start here.

Pyramid

Pyramid

Tapers from a polygon to a point. Square base by default.

Polyhedron

Polyhedron

A custom mesh from points and faces. Last resort when nothing else fits.

Shapes & operations03 / 31

Transformations

How to move, turn, and reshape something that already exists. These compose, so order matters.

Translate / Move

Translate / Move

Move along X (left/right), Y (front/back), or Z (up/down).

Rotate

Rotate

Spin around an axis. Degrees unless you say otherwise.

Scale

Scale

Resize uniformly or per axis. Per-axis turns a sphere into an ellipsoid.

Mirror

Mirror

Reflect across a plane. Good for symmetric parts.

Linear array

Linear array

Duplicate along a vector. Count and spacing, not "a few".

Circular array

Circular array

Duplicate around an axis. Count and the full sweep angle.

Offset

Offset

Grow or shrink a shape outward by a fixed distance. Inflates or deflates a profile in place.

Align / Anchor

Align / Anchor

Snap one face, edge, or corner to another. Removes the math from "centre on top".

Shapes & operations04 / 31

Boolean operations

Combine simple shapes to make complex ones. Most CAD models are booleans all the way down.

Union

Union

Fuse two shapes into one solid. Overlapping volume becomes a single body.

Difference

Difference

Subtract one shape from another. The way you make holes and cutouts.

Intersection

Intersection

Keep only the overlapping volume. Useful for trimming to a bounding shape.

Hull

Hull

Wrap a tight skin around a set of shapes. Quick organic blends.

Shapes & operations05 / 31

Edge and face features

Detail operations. These are what make a part look intentional instead of blocky.

Chamfer

Chamfer

A flat cut on an edge, usually 45°. Eases insertion and breaks sharp corners.

Fillet

Fillet

A rounded edge. Stronger than a sharp corner, friendlier to touch.

Shell

Shell

Hollow a solid, leaving walls of a given thickness.

Extrude

Extrude

Pull a 2D profile into 3D. The fastest path from sketch to volume.

Revolve

Revolve

Spin a 2D profile around an axis. Bottles, knobs, and vases come from here.

Loft

Loft

Blend between two or more profiles. Smoothly changes cross-section.

Sweep

Sweep

Drag a profile along a path. Pipes, handles, and grooves.

Draft / Taper

Draft / Taper

Slant a face by a few degrees. Helps prints release from supports.

Chapter06 / 31

Chapter 2

Designing real parts

How shapes turn into something printable: features, mating geometry, and the hardware your design has to fit around.

Designing real parts07 / 31

Functional features

Named shapes you add to a part to make it work: mounting, stiffness, sealing, or grip. Reach for them by name and the geometry follows.

Boss

Boss

Cylindrical protrusion with a hole, usually for a screw or heat-set insert. The "where parts bolt together" feature.

Rib

Rib

A thin reinforcing fin running along a surface. Stops a flat plate from flexing without doubling the wall thickness.

Pocket

Pocket

Rectangular cavity in a solid. Cable channels, captive nuts, lightening holes.

Lip / Flange

Lip / Flange

An edge that overhangs the wall below. The rim on a container, the mounting plate on a motor.

Gusset

Gusset

Triangular brace between two perpendicular surfaces. Stiffens a wall without much material.

Standoff

Standoff

Threaded pillar that holds something at a distance. Hex outside, M3 inside is most common.

Spacer

Unthreaded sleeve that sets distance between two parts. The screw passes straight through.

Knurl

Knurl

Textured grip pattern on a cylindrical surface. Thumb screws and adjustment knobs use it so fingers don't slip.

Designing real parts08 / 31

Text and labels on parts

Five ways to put a name, number, or icon on a printed part. Pick by depth and whether you need a second colour.

Raised text (embossed)

Raised text (embossed)

Letters rise ~1mm above the surface. Cleanest to print and easiest to read. The default when one colour is fine.

Sunken text (engraved / debossed)

Sunken text (engraved / debossed)

Letters cut ~1mm into the surface. Robust against wear and scuffing, the go-to for serial numbers and stamped marks.

Flush text (multi-material inlay)

Flush text (multi-material inlay)

Pocket refilled with a second filament at the exact same height. Needs an MMU or a manual colour swap. Reads like a printed sticker.

Through-text (stencil / cutout)

Through-text (stencil / cutout)

Letters cut all the way through the plate. Perfect for signage that lets light through. Closed loops like "O" or "A" need a bridge or they fall out.

Segmented inlay (two-part assembly)

Segmented inlay (two-part assembly)

Print a plate with a text-shaped pocket and the letters as a separate piece. Glue them in a contrasting colour. Single-extruder friendly.

Designing real parts09 / 31

Holes

Not all holes are equal. The right name avoids a redesign cycle later.

Anatomy of a counterbore

Anatomy of a counterbore

1Mating face
2Counterbore
3Shoulder
4Pilot hole

Naming the layers makes the prompt unambiguous: "M3 clearance, 6mm counterbore, 3mm deep".

Through hole

Through hole

Goes all the way through the part.

Blind hole

Blind hole

Stops at a depth. Say "blind, 8mm deep".

Countersunk hole

Countersunk hole

Cone-shaped recess so a flat-head screw sits flush. The chamfer angle matches the screw head (usually 90°).

Counterbored hole

Counterbored hole

Cylindrical recess so a socket-head cap drops below the surface. Call the diameter and depth.

Spotface

Spotface

Shallow counterbore that flattens a rough surface for a washer or bolt head to seat.

Clearance hole

Clearance hole

Sized so a screw passes freely without engaging threads. Typically 0.2–0.5mm wider than nominal.

Pilot hole

Pilot hole

Undersized hole for a self-tapping screw to cut threads into. Slightly smaller than the screw's nominal diameter.

Threaded hole

Threaded hole

Has internal threads. Call out the size (e.g. M6). Printing usable threads is size-dependent: M2–M3 strips or blobs (skip it); M4–M5 holds light loads at 0.12mm layers, print the screw and nut vertically; M6–M8 is reliable at 0.16–0.20mm; M10+ and custom trapezoidal or ACME work for clamps and vise grips.

Slot

Slot

An elongated hole with rounded ends. Length and width, not just diameter.

Designing real parts10 / 31

Fits and clearances

How tight or loose two parts go together. Values are clearance on diameter for an average FDM printer; halve them when you offset per side in CAD.

Press fit (interference)

Press fit (interference)

Shaft is slightly bigger than the hole; needs a press or a mallet. Permanent: bearings, dowel pins. FDM: −0.1 to +0.1 mm on diameter. Add a chamfered lead-in so the shaft starts straight.

Transition fit

Transition fit

Assembles with light hand pressure (snug, but removable). Battery doors, sensor mounts, removable caps. FDM: +0.1 to +0.2 mm on diameter.

Sliding fit

Sliding fit

Slides without wobble. Drawer rails, pistons, sliding lids. FDM: +0.3 to +0.5 mm on diameter (≈ 0.15–0.25 mm per side).

Clearance fit

Clearance fit

Rotates or moves with a visible gap. Hinge pins, axles, bolt clearance holes. FDM: +0.5 to +0.8 mm on diameter.

Loose fit

Loose fit

Easy assembly with room to spare. Cable pass-throughs, decorative covers, snap-on caps. FDM: +0.7 to +1.0 mm on diameter.

Calculator with the latest numbers

Scan for the live tolerance & fit calculator. FDM, SLA, and SLS values per fit type, scaled to your nominal dimension.

Designing real parts11 / 31

Fasteners

Screws and bolts you'll actually use on a printed project. Naming the head saves the redesign.

Anatomy of a bolt

Anatomy of a bolt

1Head
2Shank (unthreaded)
3Threads
4Tip / Point

Pointing at the right part of the bolt tells the model which hardware to clear room for.

Cap screw (hex socket)

Cap screw (hex socket)

ISO 4762 / DIN 912. The "M3×8" default in most printed projects.

Button head

ISO 7380. Lower profile than cap, same hex socket.

Countersunk (flat head)

Countersunk (flat head)

ISO 10642 / DIN 7991. Sits flush in a chamfered hole.

Set screw / Grub

Set screw / Grub

Headless, threaded full length. Holds shafts to pulleys.

Self-tapping screw

Self-tapping screw

Cuts its own thread as it drives. For printed parts, leave the pilot hole a touch smaller than the screw's nominal diameter.

Thumb screw

Knurled head, tightened by hand. Good for tool-free assembly.

Designing real parts12 / 31

Nuts and threaded inserts

How you get a thread into printed plastic. Get the technique right and the screw holds for years.

Hex nut

Hex nut

DIN 934 / ISO 4032. The default unless you say square or T-nut.

Square nut

Square nut

Captive in a square pocket. Good when the back is unreachable.

T-nut (extrusion)

T-nut (extrusion)

Drops into 2020 / 3030 aluminium extrusion slots.

Heat-set brass insert

Heat-set brass insert

Soldering iron melts it into a printed boss. Strongest option for repeated screw use.

Press-fit insert

Press-fit insert

Pressed in cold. Knurled outside grips the plastic.

Captive nut pocket

Captive nut pocket

A hex pocket printed into the part. Drop a standard nut in, screw from the other side.

Wing nut

Wing nut

Tightened by hand. Good for parts that get opened often.

Thread & tap calculator

Scan for tap drill, clearance hole, and heat-set pilot sizes from M2 to M16, plus head dimensions for socket caps.

Designing real parts13 / 31

Joints for 3D printing

How printed parts attach to each other. These hold up without glue when the geometry is right.

Anatomy of a snap fit

Anatomy of a snap fit

1Beam (flex arm)
2Hook
3Catch / Undercut
4Lead-in chamfer

Specify each piece and the model gets the deflection right. Beam thickness sets stiffness; lead-in sets ease of assembly.

Living hinge

Living hinge

A thin strip (0.3–0.6mm) that flexes thousands of cycles. Orient layer lines across the hinge, never along it.

Press fit

Press fit

Hole slightly smaller than the shaft. About 0.1mm interference for FDM. Add a chamfer to both parts.

Tab and slot

Tab and slot

A tab on one part drops into a slot on another. Cleanest joint for flat panels. Lock with glue or a screw.

Dovetail

Dovetail

Trapezoidal profile that slides together. Self-aligning and captures one axis. Use 7–10° flare.

Ball and socket

Ball and socket

Spherical ball in a partial socket. Print the socket about 0.3mm larger so the ball rotates freely.

Bayonet lock

Bayonet lock

L-shaped slot. Push in, twist 90° to lock. The standard lid joint when threads are overkill.

Designing real parts14 / 31

Printable connectors

Library modules that snap, slide, or twist printed parts together. Drop them into a design and you've got a building system.

Knuckle hinge

Knuckle hinge

Two leaves with alternating fingers (knuckles) that wrap around a steel pin. Print both leaves flat, slide a 1.75mm filament offcut through as the pin. 4mm knuckles print cleanly without supports.

Snap pin & socket

Snap pin & socket

A pin that pushes into a socket and clicks in place. The pin tip is split into four flexible petals that squeeze together on entry, then spring back behind a rim inside the socket. No screws needed.

Hirth coupling

Hirth coupling

Two discs with matching radial teeth that lock together when clamped. Tighten a bolt through the centre; loosen and re-clock to set a new angle in fixed increments (15°, 30°). Used for adjustable arms and joints.

Snap latch

Snap latch

A flexible arm with a hook that catches on a lip. Press the tab and the hook lifts free. The everyday way to keep a printed lid closed without screws. 3mm arm thickness flexes thousands of times before fatiguing.

Corner bracket

Corner bracket

90° L-bracket with mounting holes on both faces. Joins two panels at a right angle. Add a triangular gusset web on the inside if the load reaches kilograms.

Designing real parts15 / 31

Motion and 3D printer hardware

Off-the-shelf parts that show up in nearly every printer build. Reference them by size and the rest of the part designs itself.

608 bearing

608 bearing

Skateboard bearing, 8 × 22 × 7mm. Spinners, idlers, friction-fit pulleys.

625 / 624 bearings

625 / 624 bearings

5 × 16 × 5 and 4 × 13 × 5. The small idlers you'll see in printer kits.

Linear bearing (LM8UU)

Linear bearing (LM8UU)

Recirculating ball bearing on an 8mm smooth rod. The standard linear-motion part.

Smooth rod

Smooth rod

Chromed steel shaft, usually 8mm. Linear bearings glide on it.

NEMA 17 stepper motor

NEMA 17 stepper motor

42.3mm face, 5mm shaft. Mounting holes on a 31mm square pattern. Say "NEMA 17 mount" and the holes line up.

2020 aluminium extrusion

2020 aluminium extrusion

20 × 20mm cross-section with a 6mm T-slot. The skeleton of most printer frames.

Linear rail (MGN12)

Linear rail (MGN12)

12mm rail with an MGN12H carriage. Stiffer and quieter than smooth-rod motion.

Bed-levelling spring

Bed-levelling spring

8mm OD, 20mm tall compression spring. The yellow ones under most i3-style beds.

Designing real parts16 / 31

Belts, pulleys, and leadscrews

The parts that turn motor rotation into linear motion. Name them by tooth count and pitch and the kit lines up.

Anatomy of a GT2 pulley

Anatomy of a GT2 pulley

1Tooth profile (2mm pitch)
2Flange
3Bore
4Setscrew hole

GT2 timing belt

GT2 timing belt

2mm pitch toothed belt. 6mm wide is standard, 9mm for heavier carriages. Loop length matters; open belt is cut to size.

Toothed idler

Toothed idler

Bearing with a GT2-toothed face. Reverses belt direction without the belt slipping on the wheel.

Smooth idler

Smooth idler

Flanged bearing with a plain face. Used where the back of the belt rides the wheel.

Belt clamp / tensioner

Belt clamp / tensioner

Printed block with a serrated slot that grips a GT2 belt by its teeth. Print the slot teeth at the same 2mm pitch as the belt, pinch with two M3 screws.

T8 leadscrew

T8 leadscrew

Threaded rod built to drive a brass nut up and down. What separates it from a regular threaded rod is the steep trapezoidal thread and the lead: a 4-start T8 lifts 8mm per turn, ideal for Z-axes. Reach for it when something needs to move, not just fasten.

T8 brass nut

T8 brass nut

The mating nut for a T8 leadscrew. Bolts to a printed carriage on a 22mm flange pattern and turns leadscrew rotation into carriage motion. Anti-backlash variant has a sprung second nut for play-free positioning.

Flexible shaft coupler

Flexible shaft coupler

Slotted aluminium tube that joins a 5mm motor shaft to an 8mm leadscrew. The cut slots flex to absorb misalignment so the screw doesn't bind.

Designing real parts17 / 31

Electronics and panel mounts

The boards, fans, and switches that need a printed home. Each has a fixed hole pattern: name the part and the holes follow.

PCB standoff / boss

PCB standoff / boss

Printed pillar with an M3 heat-set or self-tap hole. State height, hole pattern, and whether the head sinks into a counterbore.

Raspberry Pi 4 mount

Raspberry Pi 4 mount

58 × 49mm M2.5 hole pattern. Say "Pi 4 mount" or "Pi 3 mount" (the patterns differ).

Arduino Mega / Ramps mount

Arduino Mega / Ramps mount

M3 holes on the Arduino Mega footprint. Carries Ramps 1.4 control boards used in older printer builds.

32-bit board mount

32-bit board mount

M3 hole patterns for BTT SKR Mini E3 or MKS Gen-L. Name the board revision; pinouts and mounting moved between versions.

40mm axial fan

40mm axial fan

40 × 40 × 10mm. M3 holes on a 32mm square pattern. The hot-end cooling default.

5015 radial blower

5015 radial blower

50 × 50 × 15mm centrifugal fan. Two M3 mounts and a rectangular outlet. The part-cooling default.

Microswitch (D2F-style)

Microswitch (D2F-style)

Omron D2F endstop. 6 × 12.8mm body, two M2 holes 9.5mm apart. Used for X / Y / Z homing.

12864 graphic LCD

12864 graphic LCD

128 × 64 printer display with rotary encoder. Standard panel cut-out is roughly 150 × 75mm.

Designing real parts18 / 31

Gridfinity bins

A 42mm modular tray system. The real power is custom cutouts: print a bin shaped exactly for the tool it holds, then drop it on the baseplate.

Baseplate

Baseplate

Tray with 42mm-pitch recesses that grip the chamfered foot of every bin. Bolt it to a drawer bottom and every bin has a home.

Single bin

The 42 × 42 × 21mm base unit. NopSCADlib: gridfinity_bin("name", 1, 1, 3) builds the shell, gridfinity_partition() hollows it.

Multi-grid layout

Multi-grid layout

Any rectangular footprint works: 2 × 3, 4 × 1, 5 × 5. Pass (cols, rows, height) to the constructor; the baseplate stays the same.

Partitioned bin

Partitioned bin

gridfinity_partition(box, cols, rows) hollows the interior into a grid of compartments. Four cells in a 2 × 2 bin sorts a kit of fasteners.

Drill-bit stand

Drill-bit stand

Pass the cutout geometry as a child. A row of graduated cylinders gives every bit a labelled home. Copy the NopSCADlib lathe_tool_stand pattern.

Tool stand

Tool stand

Bin with circular pockets sized for the tool shanks. Screwdriver bits, end mills, calipers: each one has a slot and won't roll around.

Custom pocket

Custom pocket

Cut a single pocket shaped like the part it holds: micrometer body, multimeter, oscilloscope probe. The bin becomes a glove for that one tool.

Cylinder rack

Cylinder rack

Tall bin with deep round holes. Markers, AA batteries, 18650 cells, paint pens stand on end and never roll off the bench.

Designing real parts19 / 31

Filaments and materials

Each filament has its strength. Start with PLA, then choose by what the part must handle.

For…PickPrinting

Everyday parts and prototypesPLAAny printer

Knocks, indoors or outPETGAny printer

Bendy, grippy partsTPUPrint slow

Heat and sunABS / ASAEnclosure

Gears and living hingesNylonHot + dry

Maximum heat and loadPCEnclosure

Stiff, light partsCarbon-fibre blendsHard nozzle

Tricky overhangsDissolving supportsTwo materials

Basic printerA step up

These are the staples. There are loads more (silk, matte, wood-fill, glow-in-the-dark, even metal-filled), but you rarely need them.

Where we buy ours

Azurefilm, a Slovenian shop. Not a sponsor, just one we like.

Designing real parts20 / 31

Sizes that print well

Pick sizes that the printed plastic can actually hold. These are the defaults seasoned makers reach for.

Fasteners: M5 and up

Fasteners: M5 and up

M5 is the smallest size that grips printed plastic reliably. M6 for everyday brackets, M8 / M10 for load-bearing joints. M3 strips out at the first over-tighten, so skip it unless you're using a heat-set insert.

Heat-set inserts: M5 / M6

Heat-set inserts: M5 / M6

Brass insert melts into a printed boss and provides the threads. Design the boss at 8.5mm OD for M5, 10mm for M6. Thinner walls split when the insert melts in.

Linear motion: 8mm rod

Linear motion: 8mm rod

LM8UU bearings, 8mm chromed rod. The whole ecosystem assumes this size: couplers, brackets, leadscrews all line up.

Bearings: 608 (8 × 22 × 7)

Bearings: 608 (8 × 22 × 7)

Cheap, plentiful, prints into a 22mm pocket with a 0.2mm interference fit. 624 / 625 work too; below 4mm bore is fragile.

Knuckle hinge: 4mm × 1.75mm

Knuckle hinge: 4mm × 1.75mm

4mm knuckle around a 1.75mm steel pin (offcut of filament works). BOSL2's knuckle_hinge() defaults. Smaller knuckles split; bigger waste plastic.

Frame stock: 2020

Frame stock: 2020

20 × 20mm aluminium extrusion with a 6mm T-slot. M5 T-nuts drop straight in. 3030 if you need more rigidity.

Belt: GT2 6mm

Belt: GT2 6mm

2mm pitch, 6mm wide. 16T or 20T pulleys on a 5mm shaft. Everything heavier than a print head wants 9mm width.

Snap pin: 7 × 11mm

Snap pin: 7 × 11mm

7mm head, 11mm long total. The push-and-click connector between two printed parts. Replaces a screw on light-duty joints. Below a 5mm head the petals get fragile; above 10mm it's a screw waiting to happen.

Chapter21 / 31

Chapter 3

Prompting & printing

Talking to the AI, then handing the model to the slicer: what to say, and what to set before the nozzle moves.

Prompting & printing22 / 31

Organic models and images

Not everything is a part. Ask for a creature, drop in a photo, or mix organic shapes into a CAD assembly — the AI picks the right engine.

Ask for organic shapes

Ask for organic shapes

"A dachshund." "A small dragon." "A humanoid in a running pose." Mention a creature or character and the AI switches to the organic engine — no CAD primitives required. Catch: organic shapes don't expose parameters, so no sliders or knobs.

Image to 3D

Image to 3D

Upload a photo of your dog, a sketch, or a reference picture. The AI builds a 3D model that mirrors the subject.

Mix organic with CAD

Mix organic with CAD

"A 10×10×3 mm pedestal with a dog dancing on it." The AI builds the geometric base and the organic figure together in one model. Bonus: the CAD half can still expose parameters, even when the organic figure can't.

Prompting & printing23 / 31

Colors and textures

How to ask for colour. Organic mode can texture or split the mesh into colour segments; CAD mode has no textures, but every part can take its own colour.

Textured organic shapes

Textured organic shapes

"A dragon with scales." "A wooden stool with grain." The organic engine bakes the surface detail into the mesh — comes out as a coloured GLB you can render or display.

Colour segmentation

Colour segmentation

"Colour the dragon's wings red and body blue." The output ships as separate bodies, ready to paint per-region in a multi-colour slicer (AMS, MMU, Palette).

Colour CAD parts

Colour CAD parts

CAD has no textures, but each part can take a colour tag. Useful for previewing, and slicers split each colour onto its own filament for multi-colour printing.

Prompting & printing24 / 31

Dimensions and constraints

Numbers without context are guesses. Pin them down up front.

Mind printability

Mind printability

Walls ≥ 1.2 mm — anything thinner splits. Bridges of 2 mm and up span cleanly. Surfaces within 45° of vertical print without supports.

Cite standards

Cite standards

"M5 cap screw", "M5 countersunk", "608 bearing". The standard name carries every dimension — you don't have to spell them out.

Constrain the envelope

Constrain the envelope

"Fits a 256 × 256 mm bed." A stated build plate stops the model from drifting to absurd sizes.

Prompting & printing25 / 31

References and positioning

Where something sits is half the description. Anchor every part to something concrete.

Anchor to a face or edge

Anchor to a face or edge

"Centred on the top face" is unambiguous. "Near the top" is not.

Pick an origin

Pick an origin

State where (0,0,0) is. Bottom-centre is the most printer-friendly default.

Reference planes

Reference planes

"Mirrored across the XZ plane" gives the model a fixed coordinate to anchor every feature to.

Mating surfaces

Mating surfaces

Name which face touches what. "The lid sits on the rim of the box, not inside it."

Prompting & printing26 / 31

Multi-step builds

Complex parts come out cleaner when you give the model a plan, not a paragraph.

Outline the steps

Outline the steps

"First the base, then the walls, then four mounting bosses." Order is information.

Name each part

Name each part

Named parts give you something to point at when you iterate.

Build the base first

Build the base first

Get the silhouette right before adding details. Features attach to a stable foundation.

Add details last

Add details last

Fillets, chamfers, logos. Cheap to add and cheap to take away.

Prompting & printing27 / 31

Iteration and corrections

The first generation is rarely the final one. Good fixes are specific and surgical.

Describe the symptom, not the fix

Describe the symptom, not the fix

"The screws stick out 1mm" tells the model what to solve. Let it pick the right tool instead of dictating the geometry change.

Point at one named part

Point at one named part

"Make the lid 2mm thicker" lands. "Make it sturdier" wanders.

Give the exact change

Give the exact change

"Change wall thickness from 1 to 5mm" leaves no room for interpretation.

Say what to keep

Say what to keep

"Keep the hole pattern as is" prevents a full redesign on every iteration.

Try a different approach

Try a different approach

When the model keeps drifting toward the same wrong shape, ask it to take a completely different approach. Resets the search.

Prompting & printing28 / 31

Parameters and adjustable models

Expose the knobs you care about. Sliders, text, dropdowns, toggles — re-tune in place, no regeneration.

Sliders for dimensions

Sliders for dimensions

"Make wall_thickness a slider from 1 to 5mm, default 2." Use for any numeric input with a range.

Text for labels

Text for labels

"Add a name text parameter for the engraving." Single-line input — keychains, signs, name tags.

Textarea for paragraphs

Textarea for paragraphs

"Make the back description a textarea." Multi-line input — dedications, addresses, longer labels.

Switches for features

Switches for features

"Add an include_lid checkbox." Toggle a hole pattern, a lid, a logo. No regeneration needed.

Dropdowns for choices

Dropdowns for choices

"Make the shape a select with options Cube, Sphere, Cylinder." Use when the answer is one of a fixed set.

Groups as section headings

Groups as section headings

"Put size settings under a Dimensions group and decoration under Style." Keeps long parameter lists tidy.

Prompting & printing29 / 31

Hot end and extruder

The parts that melt and push filament. Naming the right segment puts mounting holes at the right offset from the nozzle tip.

Anatomy of a hot end

Anatomy of a hot end

1Heatsink
2Heatbreak / throat
3Heater block
4Nozzle

V6-style hot end

V6-style hot end

E3D V6 form factor. 12mm groove on the heatsink, M6 nozzle thread. The de-facto standard mount for printer carriages.

Nozzle

Nozzle

Brass or hardened steel tip, sized by orifice. 0.4mm is the everyday default; 0.6 / 0.8 for speed, 0.25 for detail.

Groove mount

Groove mount

The narrow waist between two flanges on top of a V6 heatsink. Print the carriage with a 12mm wide channel that clamps the neck. No threads into the hot end itself.

Bowden coupler

Bowden coupler

M6 push-fit fitting that grips a 4mm PTFE tube. Call it "push-fit M6" to stay vendor-neutral.

PTFE / Bowden tube

PTFE / Bowden tube

4mm OD, 2mm ID Teflon tube. Routes filament from extruder to hot end on Bowden printers.

Prompting & printing30 / 31

Slicer vocabulary

The words the slicer uses. Knowing them lets you describe a part with the print step already in mind.

Layer height

Layer height

Thickness of each printed slice. 0.2mm is the everyday default; 0.12mm for detail, 0.28mm for speed.

Wall / Perimeter

Wall / Perimeter

The shell loops around each layer. Three walls (~1.2mm) is the strength default.

Infill

Infill

The internal lattice. 20% gyroid is fine for most parts; 80%+ for load-bearing.

Top / bottom layers

Top / bottom layers

Solid layers that close the part. Four to five layers stops infill from showing through.

Bridge

Bridge

Flat span between two supports printed in mid-air. Up to ~30mm prints cleanly.

Overhang

Overhang

A face leaning out from vertical. Above 45° usually needs support; below prints free.

Support

Support

Scaffolding under overhangs, removed after printing. Tree supports use less material than grid.

Brim

Brim

Single-layer skirt fused to the part. Adds bed adhesion for tall or narrow footprints.

Raft

Raft

Sacrificial base layers under the part. Heavier than a brim; reach for it on warpy materials.

Skirt

Skirt

A loose loop around the part, not touching it. Primes the nozzle before the real print starts.

Seam

Seam

The vertical line where each layer starts and stops. Hide it on a back corner with "Aligned" or "Random".

Prompting & printing31 / 31

Export and printing

The model has to leave the page. A few habits keep parts printable on the first try.

Pick the right export

Pick the right export

3MF preserves units and colour. STL is the lowest common denominator every slicer accepts.

Print orientation

Print orientation

Flat side down by default. Threads, holes, and engraved text want to face up.

Fit tolerances

Add 0.2mm to mating holes for press-fit, 0.4mm for slip-fit. Tune to your printer.

Design to skip supports

Design to skip supports

Chamfer overhangs to 45° and most prints don't need supports at all.

Thanks

For Grandpa Franc

When I was a kid he built me things from whatever was in the workshop. A wooden bazooka. A spinning top. A box that opened a particular way. None of it came with instructions. He just made it because I'd asked, or because he had fun doing it.

He's why I like making things. He's why this project exists.

Thank you, Franc.

If this helped

Pass it along to someone just starting out. The vocabulary travels further than the lesson.

Feedback and corrections: grandpacad.com/contact

GrandpaCAD

Now go build something.

The vocabulary in this booklet is what CAD designers use every day. Put it in your prompts and the model gets sharper on the first try.

The cheatsheet is free. The build is yours.

Build it with us atgrandpacad.com